Job 34

Job 34

The big picture

Job 34 opens in verse 1 with “Furthermore Elihu answered and said,”, reaches its middle movement near verse 19 with “How much less to him that accepteth not the persons of princes, nor regardeth the rich…”, and closes in verse 37 with “For he addeth rebellion unto his sin, he clappeth his hands among us, and multiplieth…” Repeated or prominent terms include words, iniquity, judgment, wicked, hearken. Together, those details trace this chapter’s own movement from its opening to its conclusion.

Scripture beside the summary

Job · King James Version · 37

Job 34:1-8

1–8: Furthermore Elihu answered and said,

Job 34:1–8 opens with “Furthermore Elihu answered and said,” and reaches “Which goeth in company with the workers of iniquity, and walketh with wicked men.” by its final verse. That movement develops the focus on Job 34 develops its own movement around words, iniquity, judgment, wicked, hearken, with particular weight carried by judgment, words, choose.

Deep dive

The movement opens with “Furthermore Elihu answered and said,” By verse 4, the text has turned to “Let us choose to us judgment: let us know among ourselves what is good.” It lands on “Which goeth in company with the workers of iniquity, and walketh with wicked men.” The distance between those lines matters as much as any isolated phrase. The passage has a voice and pulse of its own, including 2 verses with a speech marker, 2 questions, 1 verse naming the LORD or God. Those features reveal where the narrative slows down, speaks directly, or changes direction.

Speaker, parallel lines, images, emotional movement, and changes in voice carry the argument. Wise guidance is richer than a mechanical promise. Words such as judgment, words, choose, company, drinketh, Elihu tie the complete block together. The central idea, “Job 34 develops its own movement around words, iniquity, judgment, wicked, hearken,” should remain answerable to the text. Some conclusions are explicit, some gather support across several verses, and others remain strong inferences or interpretations.

Names or load-bearing terms in this scene include Job, Elihu, Furthermore, God, Hear, Should. The nearest hinge to the center comes in verse 6: “Should I lie against my right? my wound is incurable without transgression.” That detail helps separate the opening situation from what the passage changes next.

Words to trace: judgment, words, choose, company, drinketh, Elihu

Verse-by-verse path

  1. Job 34:1

    “Furthermore Elihu answered and said,” Naming Elihu and Furthermore keeps the account rooted in particular people or places. Follow where the name returns and what changes around it.

  2. Job 34:2

    “Hear my words, O ye wise men; and give ear unto me, ye that have knowledge.” Naming Hear keeps the account rooted in particular people or places. Follow where the name returns and what changes around it.

  3. Job 34:3

    “For the ear trieth words, as the mouth tasteth meat.” This line supplies a reason, result, or conclusion. It should stay attached to the claim or action that gives it meaning.

  4. Job 34:4

    “Let us choose to us judgment: let us know among ourselves what is good.” The command cannot be understood from the verb alone. Its recipient, purpose, and place in the larger covenant or argument define the responsibility.

  5. Job 34:5

    “For Job hath said, I am righteous: and God hath taken away my judgment.” This line supplies a reason, result, or conclusion. It should stay attached to the claim or action that gives it meaning.

  6. Job 34:6

    “Should I lie against my right? my wound is incurable without transgression.” The question slows the passage down. Notice who is being pressed to answer, what the question assumes, and whether the next lines provide a response.

  7. Job 34:7

    “What man is like Job, who drinketh up scorning like water?” The question slows the passage down. Notice who is being pressed to answer, what the question assumes, and whether the next lines provide a response.

  8. Job 34:8

    “Which goeth in company with the workers of iniquity, and walketh with wicked men.” The line’s distinctive content terms include company, goeth, iniquity. Its relationship to verses 7 shows what work it does in this passage.

Job 34:1-8

King James Version

1Furthermore Elihu answered and said,

2Hear my words, O ye wise men; and give ear unto me, ye that have knowledge.

3For the ear trieth words, as the mouth tasteth meat.

4Let us choose to us judgment: let us know among ourselves what is good.

5For Job hath said, I am righteous: and God hath taken away my judgment.

6Should I lie against my right? my wound is incurable without transgression.

7What man is like Job, who drinketh up scorning like water?

8Which goeth in company with the workers of iniquity, and walketh with wicked men.

Job 34:9-16

9–16: For he hath said, It profiteth a man nothing that he should delight…

Job 34:9–16 opens with “For he hath said, It profiteth a man nothing that he should delight himself with God.” and reaches “If now thou hast understanding, hear this: hearken to the voice of my words.” by its final verse. That movement develops the focus on Job 34 develops its own movement around words, iniquity, judgment, wicked, hearken, with particular weight carried by Almighty, hearken, understanding.

Deep dive

The movement opens with “For he hath said, It profiteth a man nothing that he should delight himself with God.” By verse 12, the text has turned to “Yea, surely God will not do wickedly, neither will the Almighty pervert judgment.” It lands on “If now thou hast understanding, hear this: hearken to the voice of my words.” The distance between those lines matters as much as any isolated phrase. The passage has a voice and pulse of its own, including 1 verse with a speech marker, 1 question, 3 verses naming the LORD or God. Those features reveal where the narrative slows down, speaks directly, or changes direction.

Speaker, parallel lines, images, emotional movement, and changes in voice carry the argument. Wise guidance is richer than a mechanical promise. Words such as Almighty, hearken, understanding, breath, cause, charge tie the complete block together. The central idea, “Job 34 develops its own movement around words, iniquity, judgment, wicked, hearken,” should remain answerable to the text. Some conclusions are explicit, some gather support across several verses, and others remain strong inferences or interpretations.

Names or load-bearing terms in this scene include God, Almighty, All, Yea. The nearest hinge to the center comes in verse 13: “Who hath given him a charge over the earth? or who hath disposed the whole world?” That detail helps separate the opening situation from what the passage changes next.

Words to trace: Almighty, hearken, understanding, breath, cause, charge

Verse-by-verse path

  1. Job 34:9

    “For he hath said, It profiteth a man nothing that he should delight himself with God.” This line supplies a reason, result, or conclusion. It should stay attached to the claim or action that gives it meaning.

  2. Job 34:10

    “Therefore hearken unto me, ye men of understanding: far be it from God, that he should do wickedness; and from the…” This line supplies a reason, result, or conclusion. It should stay attached to the claim or action that gives it meaning.

  3. Job 34:11

    “For the work of a man shall he render unto him, and cause every man to find according to his ways.” This line supplies a reason, result, or conclusion. It should stay attached to the claim or action that gives it meaning.

  4. Job 34:12

    “Yea, surely God will not do wickedly, neither will the Almighty pervert judgment.” Naming Almighty keeps the account rooted in particular people or places. Follow where the name returns and what changes around it.

  5. Job 34:13

    “Who hath given him a charge over the earth? or who hath disposed the whole world?” The question slows the passage down. Notice who is being pressed to answer, what the question assumes, and whether the next lines provide a response.

  6. Job 34:14

    “If he set his heart upon man, if he gather unto himself his spirit and his breath;” The line’s distinctive content terms include breath, gather, heart. Its relationship to verses 13 and 15 shows what work it does in this passage.

  7. Job 34:15

    “All flesh shall perish together, and man shall turn again unto dust.” The command cannot be understood from the verb alone. Its recipient, purpose, and place in the larger covenant or argument define the responsibility.

  8. Job 34:16

    “If now thou hast understanding, hear this: hearken to the voice of my words.” The line’s distinctive content terms include hear, hearken, understanding. Its relationship to verses 15 shows what work it does in this passage.

Job 34:9-16

King James Version

9For he hath said, It profiteth a man nothing that he should delight himself with God.

10Therefore hearken unto me, ye men of understanding: far be it from God, that he should do wickedness; and from the Almighty, that he should commit iniquity.

11For the work of a man shall he render unto him, and cause every man to find according to his ways.

12Yea, surely God will not do wickedly, neither will the Almighty pervert judgment.

13Who hath given him a charge over the earth? or who hath disposed the whole world?

14If he set his heart upon man, if he gather unto himself his spirit and his breath;

15All flesh shall perish together, and man shall turn again unto dust.

16If now thou hast understanding, hear this: hearken to the voice of my words.

Job 34:17-24

17–24: Shall even he that hateth right govern? and wilt thou condemn him that…

Job 34:17–24 opens with “Shall even he that hateth right govern? and wilt thou condemn him that is most just?” and reaches “He shall break in pieces mighty men without number, and set others in their stead.” by its final verse. That movement develops the focus on Job 34 develops its own movement around words, iniquity, judgment, wicked, hearken, with particular weight carried by mighty, princes, right.

Deep dive

The movement opens with “Shall even he that hateth right govern? and wilt thou condemn him that is most just?” By verse 20, the text has turned to “In a moment shall they die, and the people shall be troubled at midnight, and pass away: and…” It lands on “He shall break in pieces mighty men without number, and set others in their stead.” The distance between those lines matters as much as any isolated phrase. The passage has a voice and pulse of its own, including 3 questions, 1 verse naming the LORD or God. Those features reveal where the narrative slows down, speaks directly, or changes direction.

Speaker, parallel lines, images, emotional movement, and changes in voice carry the argument. Wise guidance is richer than a mechanical promise. Words such as mighty, princes, right, accepteth, break, condemn tie the complete block together. The central idea, “Job 34 develops its own movement around words, iniquity, judgment, wicked, hearken,” should remain answerable to the text. Some conclusions are explicit, some gather support across several verses, and others remain strong inferences or interpretations.

Names or load-bearing terms in this scene include God, Shall, Thou. The nearest hinge to the center comes in verse 19: “How much less to him that accepteth not the persons of princes, nor regardeth the rich more than the poor? for they all are the…” That detail helps separate the opening situation from what the passage changes next.

Words to trace: mighty, princes, right, accepteth, break, condemn

Verse-by-verse path

  1. Job 34:17

    “Shall even he that hateth right govern? and wilt thou condemn him that is most just?” The question slows the passage down. Notice who is being pressed to answer, what the question assumes, and whether the next lines provide a response.

  2. Job 34:18

    “Is it fit to say to a king, Thou art wicked? and to princes, Ye are ungodly?” The question slows the passage down. Notice who is being pressed to answer, what the question assumes, and whether the next lines provide a response.

  3. Job 34:19

    “How much less to him that accepteth not the persons of princes, nor regardeth the rich more than the poor? for they…” The question slows the passage down. Notice who is being pressed to answer, what the question assumes, and whether the next lines provide a response.

  4. Job 34:20

    “In a moment shall they die, and the people shall be troubled at midnight, and pass away: and the mighty shall be taken…” The command cannot be understood from the verb alone. Its recipient, purpose, and place in the larger covenant or argument define the responsibility.

  5. Job 34:21

    “For his eyes are upon the ways of man, and he seeth all his goings.” This line supplies a reason, result, or conclusion. It should stay attached to the claim or action that gives it meaning.

  6. Job 34:22

    “There is no darkness, nor shadow of death, where the workers of iniquity may hide themselves.” The line’s distinctive content terms include darkness, death, hide. Its relationship to verses 21 and 23 shows what work it does in this passage.

  7. Job 34:23

    “For he will not lay upon man more than right; that he should enter into judgment with God.” This line supplies a reason, result, or conclusion. It should stay attached to the claim or action that gives it meaning.

  8. Job 34:24

    “He shall break in pieces mighty men without number, and set others in their stead.” The command cannot be understood from the verb alone. Its recipient, purpose, and place in the larger covenant or argument define the responsibility.

Job 34:17-24

King James Version

17Shall even he that hateth right govern? and wilt thou condemn him that is most just?

18Is it fit to say to a king, Thou art wicked? and to princes, Ye are ungodly?

19How much less to him that accepteth not the persons of princes, nor regardeth the rich more than the poor? for they all are the work of his hands.

20In a moment shall they die, and the people shall be troubled at midnight, and pass away: and the mighty shall be taken away without hand.

21For his eyes are upon the ways of man, and he seeth all his goings.

22There is no darkness, nor shadow of death, where the workers of iniquity may hide themselves.

23For he will not lay upon man more than right; that he should enter into judgment with God.

24He shall break in pieces mighty men without number, and set others in their stead.

Job 34:25-32

25–32: Therefore he knoweth their works, and he overturneth them in the night…

Job 34:25–32 opens with “Therefore he knoweth their works, and he overturneth them in the night, so that they are…” and reaches “That which I see not teach thou me: if I have done iniquity, I will do no more.” by its final verse. That movement develops the focus on Job 34 develops its own movement around words, iniquity, judgment, wicked, hearken, with particular weight carried by afflicted, back, borne.

Deep dive

The movement opens with “Therefore he knoweth their works, and he overturneth them in the night, so that they are…” By verse 28, the text has turned to “So that they cause the cry of the poor to come unto him, and he heareth the cry of the…” It lands on “That which I see not teach thou me: if I have done iniquity, I will do no more.” The distance between those lines matters as much as any isolated phrase. The passage has a voice and pulse of its own, including 1 verse with a speech marker, 1 question, 1 verse naming the LORD or God. Those features reveal where the narrative slows down, speaks directly, or changes direction.

Speaker, parallel lines, images, emotional movement, and changes in voice carry the argument. Wise guidance is richer than a mechanical promise. Words such as afflicted, back, borne, cause, chastisement, consider tie the complete block together. The central idea, “Job 34 develops its own movement around words, iniquity, judgment, wicked, hearken,” should remain answerable to the text. Some conclusions are explicit, some gather support across several verses, and others remain strong inferences or interpretations.

Names or load-bearing terms in this scene include Because, God, Surely. The nearest hinge to the center comes in verse 29: “When he giveth quietness, who then can make trouble? and when he hideth his face, who then can behold him? whether it be done…” That detail helps separate the opening situation from what the passage changes next.

Words to trace: afflicted, back, borne, cause, chastisement, consider

Verse-by-verse path

  1. Job 34:25

    “Therefore he knoweth their works, and he overturneth them in the night, so that they are destroyed.” This line supplies a reason, result, or conclusion. It should stay attached to the claim or action that gives it meaning.

  2. Job 34:26

    “He striketh them as wicked men in the open sight of others;” The line’s distinctive content terms include open, others, sight. Its relationship to verses 25 and 27 shows what work it does in this passage.

  3. Job 34:27

    “Because they turned back from him, and would not consider any of his ways:” This line supplies a reason, result, or conclusion. It should stay attached to the claim or action that gives it meaning.

  4. Job 34:28

    “So that they cause the cry of the poor to come unto him, and he heareth the cry of the afflicted.” This line supplies a reason, result, or conclusion. It should stay attached to the claim or action that gives it meaning.

  5. Job 34:29

    “When he giveth quietness, who then can make trouble? and when he hideth his face, who then can behold him? whether it…” The question slows the passage down. Notice who is being pressed to answer, what the question assumes, and whether the next lines provide a response.

  6. Job 34:30

    “That the hypocrite reign not, lest the people be ensnared.” The line’s distinctive content terms include ensnared, hypocrite, lest. Its relationship to verses 29 and 31 shows what work it does in this passage.

  7. Job 34:31

    “Surely it is meet to be said unto God, I have borne chastisement, I will not offend any more:” Naming Surely keeps the account rooted in particular people or places. Follow where the name returns and what changes around it.

  8. Job 34:32

    “That which I see not teach thou me: if I have done iniquity, I will do no more.” The line’s distinctive content terms include iniquity, teach. Its relationship to verses 31 shows what work it does in this passage.

Job 34:25-32

King James Version

25Therefore he knoweth their works, and he overturneth them in the night, so that they are destroyed.

26He striketh them as wicked men in the open sight of others;

27Because they turned back from him, and would not consider any of his ways:

28So that they cause the cry of the poor to come unto him, and he heareth the cry of the afflicted.

29When he giveth quietness, who then can make trouble? and when he hideth his face, who then can behold him? whether it be done against a nation, or against a man only:

30That the hypocrite reign not, lest the people be ensnared.

31Surely it is meet to be said unto God, I have borne chastisement, I will not offend any more:

32That which I see not teach thou me: if I have done iniquity, I will do no more.

Job 34:33-37

33–37: Should it be according to thy mind? he will recompense it, whether thou…

Job 34:33–37 opens with “Should it be according to thy mind? he will recompense it, whether thou refuse, or whether thou…” and reaches “For he addeth rebellion unto his sin, he clappeth his hands among us, and multiplieth his words…” by its final verse. That movement develops the focus on Job 34 develops its own movement around words, iniquity, judgment, wicked, hearken, with particular weight carried by words, addeth, answers.

Deep dive

The movement opens with “Should it be according to thy mind? he will recompense it, whether thou refuse, or whether…” By verse 35, the text has turned to “Job hath spoken without knowledge, and his words were without wisdom.” It lands on “For he addeth rebellion unto his sin, he clappeth his hands among us, and multiplieth his…” The distance between those lines matters as much as any isolated phrase. The passage has a voice and pulse of its own, including 1 question, 1 verse naming the LORD or God. Those features reveal where the narrative slows down, speaks directly, or changes direction.

Speaker, parallel lines, images, emotional movement, and changes in voice carry the argument. Wise guidance is richer than a mechanical promise. Words such as words, addeth, answers, choose, clappeth, desire tie the complete block together. The central idea, “Job 34 develops its own movement around words, iniquity, judgment, wicked, hearken,” should remain answerable to the text. Some conclusions are explicit, some gather support across several verses, and others remain strong inferences or interpretations.

Names or load-bearing terms in this scene include Job, God, Should. The nearest hinge to the center comes in verse 33: “Should it be according to thy mind? he will recompense it, whether thou refuse, or whether thou choose; and not I: therefore speak…” That detail helps separate the opening situation from what the passage changes next.

Words to trace: words, addeth, answers, choose, clappeth, desire

Verse-by-verse path

  1. Job 34:33

    “Should it be according to thy mind? he will recompense it, whether thou refuse, or whether thou choose; and not I…” The question slows the passage down. Notice who is being pressed to answer, what the question assumes, and whether the next lines provide a response.

  2. Job 34:34

    “Let men of understanding tell me, and let a wise man hearken unto me.” The line’s distinctive content terms include hearken, tell, understanding. Its relationship to verses 33 and 35 shows what work it does in this passage.

  3. Job 34:35

    “Job hath spoken without knowledge, and his words were without wisdom.” Naming Job keeps the account rooted in particular people or places. Follow where the name returns and what changes around it.

  4. Job 34:36

    “My desire is that Job may be tried unto the end because of his answers for wicked men.” Naming Job keeps the account rooted in particular people or places. Follow where the name returns and what changes around it.

  5. Job 34:37

    “For he addeth rebellion unto his sin, he clappeth his hands among us, and multiplieth his words against God.” This line supplies a reason, result, or conclusion. It should stay attached to the claim or action that gives it meaning.

Job 34:33-37

King James Version

33Should it be according to thy mind? he will recompense it, whether thou refuse, or whether thou choose; and not I: therefore speak what thou knowest.

34Let men of understanding tell me, and let a wise man hearken unto me.

35Job hath spoken without knowledge, and his words were without wisdom.

36My desire is that Job may be tried unto the end because of his answers for wicked men.

37For he addeth rebellion unto his sin, he clappeth his hands among us, and multiplieth his words against God.

Resources gathered for this chapter

The story map and deeper reflection are available as distinct resources alongside this teaching plan. Each opens on its own page.

Level 1 story resourceMade for curious teens and first-time readers. Short story movements, strong visuals, helpful KJV word notes, and surprising details keep each chapter moving.Level 2 depth resourceRooted in the KJV text, with philosophical and theological depth that identifies Catholic, Protestant, Eastern Orthodox, Jewish, and Messianic Jewish perspectives when they materially differ.

A chapter-specific teaching brief

These anchors come from this chapter itself. They help a teacher use the Level 1 story map, the Level 2 analysis, and the Scripture text as one lesson.

1

Open with the chapter’s first image

Job 34:1: “Furthermore Elihu answered and said,”

2

Slow down at the turning point

Job 34:19: “How much less to him that accepteth not the persons of princes, nor regardeth the rich more than the poor? for they all are the work of his hands.”

3

Keep this word trail visible

words, iniquity, judgment, wicked, hearken, right

Observation and teaching prompt

  1. Follow the speaker, images, parallel lines, questions, and emotional movement.
  2. Notice where tension or suffering resists an easy answer.
  3. Read a saying as wisdom for faithful discernment, not as a mechanical promise detached from context.

Text first

Where readers differ

The chapter summary begins with what the passage says and how its parts fit together. It does not assume one denomination has already settled every question. Where a conclusion depends on a tradition, literary theory, or historical reconstruction, that dependence is named openly.

The KJV text is presented first. Interpretive conclusions are labeled, and differences are introduced only when they help a reader understand why serious communities do not always reach the same answer.

Comparative interpretive notes for this chapter are in preparation. Until reviewed notes are ready, this page separates the KJV text from summary and application without claiming that serious readers agree on every question.

Learning objectives

  1. Place Job 34 within Job 34 and explain its role in Job.
  2. Describe from the text how the passage develops this focus: Job 34 develops its own movement around words, iniquity, judgment, wicked, hearken.
  3. Distinguish an explicit statement, a Scripture-supported conclusion, and an interpretation.
  4. Explain how poetry and wisdom shapes a responsible reading of this unit.
  5. Compare a related song or video with the passage, then return to the text to test it.
  6. Form a personal and communal response that does not exceed the evidence of Scripture.

Teacher preparation

  1. Read Job 34 twice, then read the material immediately before and after it.
  2. Review the book movement: Job 34 (Job 34).
  3. Mark speakers, actions, repeated words, commands, contrasts, promises, and consequences.
  4. Preview each related song or video and note where it condenses, interprets, or dramatizes the text.
  5. Prepare a participation option that lets learners respond without forced personal disclosure.

Evidence and interpretation checks

Explicit

Record two claims that Job 34 states directly and cite the verses.

Scripture-supported

Form one conclusion that joins several parts of Job 34. Show each step.

Strong inference

Identify a conclusion that follows the text closely even though it is not stated in one sentence.

Possible or traditional reading

Where responsible readings differ, present the difference without turning it into certainty.

Limit

Do not use speculation as a teaching conclusion.

Discussion with answer guidance

1. What does Job 34 state directly about God, people, or the situation?

Show teacher guidance

Begin with the passage’s words and actions. Require an exact verse before accepting a conclusion.

2. How does this focus develop across the passage: Job 34 develops its own movement around words, iniquity, judgment, wicked, hearken?

Show teacher guidance

Trace the opening, change, and outcome. Do not rely on one sentence when the unit presents a sequence.

3. Which word, action, contrast, or response repeats, and what work does it do?

Show teacher guidance

Repetition may signal structure or emphasis, but explain its meaning inside the immediate context.

4. How does this unit contribute to the Job 34 movement?

Show teacher guidance

Compare the unit with what comes before and after it in the same book.

5. What interpretive caution does poetry and wisdom require here?

Show teacher guidance

Attend to speaker, image, parallel lines, emotional movement, and the difference between wise guidance and a mechanical promise.

6. What faithful response follows for an individual and for a community?

Show teacher guidance

Form a concrete, proportionate response. Do not turn a description into a command without evidence.

Responsible application

Heart and habits

Name one belief, desire, or practice that Job 34 corrects, strengthens, or redirects.

Relationships and community

Form one action that protects dignity, truth, justice, mercy, or faithfulness in a real relationship.

Worship and prayer

Write a prayer using the vocabulary and concerns of the passage.

Service and witness

Choose one observable response for this week and one person who can support accountability.

Audience adaptations

Children

Use a short reading block, a people-and-actions map, and one concrete response. Explain difficult vocabulary before reading.

Youth

Ask learners to identify pressure, loyalty, power, and consequences. Permit written responses without public disclosure.

Adults

Add literary and historical context, compare responsible readings, and require evidence for each claim.

Intergenerational group

Pair different ages, assign observation before interpretation, and close with a shared prayer.

Online or at home

Send the reference in advance, use media as an observation pause, and gather responses in a shared document.

Complete 75-minute teaching path

A shorter group can omit the extended discussion while preserving the Scripture reading, evidence check, and closing response.

5 min

Orient the group

Name the book, Job 34, genre, and central question. Explain that every conclusion will be checked against the text.

15 min

Read the complete unit

Read aloud or silently. Learners mark speakers, repetitions, commands, contrasts, and changes.

15 min

Work through the reading blocks

Summarize each block in one sentence and record the verse that supports the summary.

10 min

Use a song or video

Play one related resource. Compare its emphasis and omissions with the passage.

15 min

Discuss from evidence

Use the questions and require a Scripture reference for every major answer.

10 min

Form responsible application

Develop one personal and one communal response. Avoid promises or commands that the text does not establish.

5 min

Summarize and pray

Let each learner complete one sentence about the passage. Pray with its vocabulary and concerns.

Song and video learning lab

A song or video may interpret, compress, or dramatize the text. Its value becomes clearer when its choices are compared with Scripture.

  1. Before the media: the exact passage and its central movement.
  2. During the media: the words, people, events, and emotions the artist emphasizes.
  3. After the media: what it clarifies, what it leaves out, and what belongs back in the biblical text.