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Scripture and the Unknown God

Acts 17

The big picture

Paul and Silas, messengers of Jesus, travel onward after leaving prison behind them. Jesus is the risen Lord whose message they carry. Their teaching draws believers and opponents in Thessalonica, a city on their route. In Berea, another town, people test the message against Scripture. Paul then reaches Athens, a city filled with idols and debate. There he speaks to hearers who do not share his Scriptures, beginning with their altar to a god they do not know.

In this chapter

Central truth

Paul explains Jesus through Scripture and proclaims the creator to unfamiliar hearers, meeting belief, careful inquiry, hostility, and mockery.

Acts 17: Scripture and the Unknown God
Chapter sceneActs 17

Scripture beside the summary

Acts · King James Version · 34

Acts 17:1-9

A Host Faces the Crowd’s Anger

For three sabbaths, the weekly rest days, Paul reasons in the synagogue, a Jewish worship place. He shows from Scripture that the Christ, God's promised ruler, had to suffer and rise. He identifies Jesus as that Christ. Some Jews and many Greek hearers believe. Jealous opponents gather rough men and stir up the city. They attack the house of Jason, a host of the messengers. Finding Paul absent, they drag Jason and other believers before officials. They accuse the group of serving a king other than Cæsar, the Roman emperor. Officials take a pledge and release them.

Acts 17:1-9: A Host Faces the Crowd’s Anger
Chapter sceneActs 17

In everyday life

A guesthouse owner opens her door to find an angry crowd searching for a lecturer staying upstairs. When the lecturer is absent, they force her to answer for giving him a room. Hosting has made her a target for a dispute she did not begin. Jason faces a charge tied to Jesus' kingship and the Roman emperor.

Notice

Acts 17:7 The accusation makes Jason's welcome part of the alleged offence. A household that receives the messengers shares the cost of their public witness.

Acts 17:1-9

King James Version

1Now when they had passed through Amphipolis and Apollonia, they came to Thessalonica, where was a synagogue of the Jews:

2And Paul, as his manner was, went in unto them, and three sabbath days reasoned with them out of the scriptures,

3Opening and alleging, that Christ must needs have suffered, and risen again from the dead; and that this Jesus, whom I preach unto you, is Christ.

4And some of them believed, and consorted with Paul and Silas; and of the devout Greeks a great multitude, and of the chief women not a few.

5But the Jews which believed not, moved with envy, took unto them certain lewd fellows of the baser sort, and gathered a company, and set all the city on an uproar, and assaulted the house of Jason, and sought to bring them out to the people.

6And when they found them not, they drew Jason and certain brethren unto the rulers of the city, crying, These that have turned the world upside down are come hither also;

7Whom Jason hath received: and these all do contrary to the decrees of Cæsar, saying that there is another king, one Jesus.

8And they troubled the people and the rulers of the city, when they heard these things.

9And when they had taken security of Jason, and of the other, they let them go.

Acts 17:10-15

Ready Hearers Examine the Scriptures

Believers send Paul and Silas away by night to Berea. In its synagogue, the hearers welcome the message and examine Scripture each day to test it. Many Jews and Greeks believe, including women of high standing. Opponents from Thessalonica hear of this and arrive to stir up the crowd there too. The believers send Paul toward the sea and escort him to Athens. Silas and Timotheus, another companion, remain behind for a time. Paul sends back instructions for them to join him. Careful hearing has borne fruit, but outside hostility interrupts the work.

In everyday life

A history student receives a lecturer's new claim with interest, then opens the cited records at her kitchen table each evening. She neither rejects it on arrival nor accepts it without checking. As the evidence holds, her confidence grows. The Bereans examine Scripture to recognise the truth of the message about Jesus.

Notice

Acts 17:11 Readiness and testing are praised together. The hearers' daily search is not treated as hostility toward the message but as an honourable way of receiving it.

Acts 17:10-15

King James Version

10And the brethren immediately sent away Paul and Silas by night unto Berea: who coming thither went into the synagogue of the Jews.

11These were more noble than those in Thessalonica, in that they received the word with all readiness of mind, and searched the scriptures daily, whether those things were so.

12Therefore many of them believed; also of honourable women which were Greeks, and of men, not a few.

13But when the Jews of Thessalonica had knowledge that the word of God was preached of Paul at Berea, they came thither also, and stirred up the people.

14And then immediately the brethren sent away Paul to go as it were to the sea: but Silas and Timotheus abode there still.

15And they that conducted Paul brought him unto Athens: and receiving a commandment unto Silas and Timotheus for to come to him with all speed, they departed.

Acts 17:16-21

Athens Asks About a Strange Teaching

Waiting in Athens, Paul is deeply troubled by the city's idols. He speaks with Jews and other worshippers in the synagogue and with people in the market. Epicureans and Stoicks, two groups of thinkers, debate with him. Some dismiss him as a babbler; others think he introduces foreign gods because he speaks of Jesus and resurrection. They bring him to Areopagus, a place associated with the city's council, to explain. Residents and visitors enjoy hearing new ideas. Their curiosity gives Paul a hearing, though curiosity alone is not yet belief.

Paul’s journeys
Paul’s journeys

In everyday life

A repair engineer sets a model on a market stall to explain a fault nobody has considered. Passers-by gather, some mocking her terms and others asking for a fuller account in the guild hall. Novelty draws them before trust has formed. Paul speaks of Jesus and resurrection, not an unfamiliar piece of engineering.

Notice

Acts 17:18 The listeners' label of foreign gods shows that they have not yet understood Paul's message. Their first category for it is part of the problem he must address.

Acts 17:16-21

King James Version

16Now while Paul waited for them at Athens, his spirit was stirred in him, when he saw the city wholly given to idolatry.

17Therefore disputed he in the synagogue with the Jews, and with the devout persons, and in the market daily with them that met with him.

18Then certain philosophers of the Epicureans, and of the Stoicks, encountered him. And some said, What will this babbler say? other some, He seemeth to be a setter forth of strange gods: because he preached unto them Jesus, and the resurrection.

19And they took him, and brought him unto Areopagus, saying, May we know what this new doctrine, whereof thou speakest, is?

20For thou bringest certain strange things to our ears: we would know therefore what these things mean.

21(For all the Athenians and strangers which were there spent their time in nothing else, but either to tell, or to hear some new thing.)

Acts 17:22-29

The Creator Needs No Human Shrine

Paul points to an altar dedicated to an unknown god and offers to explain whom they worship without knowing. The maker of everything rules heaven and earth. He is not housed in human shrines or dependent on human service; he gives everyone life and breath. All nations share one human origin, and God sets their times and places so they seek him. He is not far away. Paul recalls their own poets speaking of people as God's offspring. Living people should not imagine their divine source as a lifeless object shaped from metal or stone.

In everyday life

A sculptor watches a visitor bring food to the clay model of a human face in her studio. She points from the model to the living maker beside it. The object cannot be the source of the life that shaped it. The visitor has reversed the relation between maker and made. Paul speaks of the creator of all people, including sculptors.

Notice

Acts 17:25 God gives life and breath rather than depending on gifts to keep him alive. Paul's argument reverses the idea of worship as supplying a needy deity.

Acts 17:22-29

King James Version

22Then Paul stood in the midst of Mars’ hill, and said, Ye men of Athens, I perceive that in all things ye are too superstitious.

23For as I passed by, and beheld your devotions, I found an altar with this inscription, TO THE UNKNOWN GOD. Whom therefore ye ignorantly worship, him declare I unto you.

24God that made the world and all things therein, seeing that he is Lord of heaven and earth, dwelleth not in temples made with hands;

25Neither is worshipped with men’s hands, as though he needed any thing, seeing he giveth to all life, and breath, and all things;

26And hath made of one blood all nations of men for to dwell on all the face of the earth, and hath determined the times before appointed, and the bounds of their habitation;

27That they should seek the Lord, if haply they might feel after him, and find him, though he be not far from every one of us:

28For in him we live, and move, and have our being; as certain also of your own poets have said, For we are also his offspring.

29Forasmuch then as we are the offspring of God, we ought not to think that the Godhead is like unto gold, or silver, or stone, graven by art and man’s device.

Acts 17:30-34

Resurrection Divides the Listeners

God has overlooked former ignorance, Paul says, but now calls everyone to repent, turning from wrong toward him. A day is fixed when he will judge the world rightly through the man he has appointed. Raising that man from death gives assurance of the coming judgement. Some hearers mock resurrection, while others ask to hear more later. Paul leaves, but some join him and believe. Acts names Dionysius, a member of the council, and Damaris, a woman among the hearers, with others. The public debate ends in different responses, not one shared verdict.

Resurrection ends the comfort of indefinite discussion
Chapter sceneActs 17

In everyday life

An earthquake planner explains a newly confirmed fault line to a room of residents. Some laugh off the warning; others ask for another meeting, while a few begin to act on the evidence. The same explanation does not produce the same response in every chair. Paul's evidence is Jesus' resurrection and his warning concerns God's appointed judgement.

Notice

Acts 17:31 The resurrection is presented as assurance of a future judgement. Paul does not offer it only as an unusual event for curious listeners to discuss.

Acts 17:30-34

King James Version

30And the times of this ignorance God winked at; but now commandeth all men every where to repent:

31Because he hath appointed a day, in the which he will judge the world in righteousness by that man whom he hath ordained; whereof he hath given assurance unto all men, in that he hath raised him from the dead.

32And when they heard of the resurrection of the dead, some mocked: and others said, We will hear thee again of this matter.

33So Paul departed from among them.

34Howbeit certain men clave unto him, and believed: among the which was Dionysius the Areopagite, and a woman named Damaris, and others with them.

Details worth noticing

34verses in this reading
5major movements
4verses with speech
2questions in the KJV text

The opening image

Acts 17:1 begins with “Now when they had passed through Amphipolis and Apollonia, they came to Thessalonica, where was a synagogue of the Jews:”

Where the chapter turns

Acts 17:17 forms a natural hinge: “Therefore disputed he in the synagogue with the Jews, and with the devout persons, and in the market daily with them that met with him.”

The final note

Acts 17:34 leaves the reader with “Howbeit certain men clave unto him, and believed: among the which was Dionysius the Areopagite, and a woman named Damaris, and others with them.”

A word trail through the chapter

The words Paul, certain, Jews, some, believed, city help reveal the chapter’s repeated concerns.

KJV words made clear

security
A pledge or guarantee required before someone is released.
Godhead
The divine nature, what it means to be God.
winked at
Overlooked or allowed for a time without immediate judgement.

Music and video connected to the passage

Related media appears when its Scripture reference overlaps this study. Music and video can illuminate a theme while the biblical text remains the foundation.

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Source: eBible.org · eng-kjv2006