Ezekiel 34

Ezekiel 34

The big picture

Ezekiel 34 opens in verse 1 with “And the word of the LORD came unto me, saying,”, reaches its middle movement near verse 16 with “I will seek that which was lost, and bring again that which was driven away, and will…”, and closes in verse 31 with “And ye my flock, the flock of my pasture, are men, and I am your God, saith the Lord GOD…” Repeated or prominent terms include flock, LORD, feed, shepherds, cattle. Together, those details trace this chapter’s own movement from its opening to its conclusion.

Scripture beside the summary

Ezekiel · King James Version · 31

Ezekiel 34:1-8

1–8: The word of the LORD came unto me, saying,

Ezekiel 34:1–8 opens with “And the word of the LORD came unto me, saying,” and reaches “As I live, saith the Lord GOD , surely because my flock became a prey, and my flock became meat…” by its final verse. That movement develops the focus on Negligent shepherds feeding themselves contrasted with the Lord gathering injured and scattered sheep, with particular weight carried by shepherds, flock, LORD.

Deep dive

The movement opens with “And the word of the LORD came unto me, saying,” By verse 4, the text has turned to “The diseased have ye not strengthened, neither have ye healed that which was sick, neither…” It lands on “As I live, saith the Lord GOD , surely because my flock became a prey, and my flock became…” The distance between those lines matters as much as any isolated phrase. The passage has a voice and pulse of its own, including 1 question, 3 stated contrasts, 4 verses naming the LORD or God. Those features reveal where the narrative slows down, speaks directly, or changes direction.

Accusation, warning, invitation to return, judgment, and hope each do different work. The prophet’s first audience anchors later questions about fulfillment. Words such as shepherds, flock, LORD, became, feed, scattered tie the complete block together. The central idea, “Negligent shepherds feeding themselves contrasted with the Lord gathering injured and scattered sheep,” should remain answerable to the text. Some conclusions are explicit, some gather support across several verses, and others remain strong inferences or interpretations.

Names or load-bearing terms in this scene include Israel, Lord, Son, Woe. The nearest hinge to the center comes in verse 2: “Son of man, prophesy against the shepherds of Israel, prophesy, and say unto them, Thus saith the Lord GOD unto the shepherds; Woe…” That detail helps separate the opening situation from what the passage changes next.

Words to trace: shepherds, flock, LORD, became, feed, scattered

Verse-by-verse path

  1. Ezekiel 34:1

    “And the word of the LORD came unto me, saying,” The line’s distinctive content terms include LORD, word. Its relationship to verses 2 shows what work it does in this passage.

  2. Ezekiel 34:2

    “Son of man, prophesy against the shepherds of Israel, prophesy, and say unto them, Thus saith the Lord GOD unto the…” The question slows the passage down. Notice who is being pressed to answer, what the question assumes, and whether the next lines provide a response.

  3. Ezekiel 34:3

    “Ye eat the fat, and ye clothe you with the wool, ye kill them that are fed: but ye feed not the flock.” The line’s distinctive content terms include clothe, feed, flock. Its relationship to verses 2 and 4 shows what work it does in this passage.

  4. Ezekiel 34:4

    “The diseased have ye not strengthened, neither have ye healed that which was sick, neither have ye bound up that which…” The line’s distinctive content terms include bound, broken, cruelty. Its relationship to verses 3 and 5 shows what work it does in this passage.

  5. Ezekiel 34:5

    “And they were scattered, because there is no shepherd: and they became meat to all the beasts of the field, when they…” The line’s distinctive content terms include scattered, beasts, became. Its relationship to verses 4 and 6 shows what work it does in this passage.

  6. Ezekiel 34:6

    “My sheep wandered through all the mountains, and upon every high hill: yea, my flock was scattered upon all the face…” The line’s distinctive content terms include earth, face, flock. Its relationship to verses 5 and 7 shows what work it does in this passage.

  7. Ezekiel 34:7

    “Therefore, ye shepherds, hear the word of the LORD ;” This line supplies a reason, result, or conclusion. It should stay attached to the claim or action that gives it meaning.

  8. Ezekiel 34:8

    “As I live, saith the Lord GOD , surely because my flock became a prey, and my flock became meat to every beast of the…” The verse names Lord rather than leaving the action without a source. Watch whether the next line continues, answers, or contrasts that action.

Ezekiel 34:1-8

King James Version

1And the word of the LORD came unto me, saying,

2Son of man, prophesy against the shepherds of Israel, prophesy, and say unto them, Thus saith the Lord GOD unto the shepherds; Woe be to the shepherds of Israel that do feed themselves! should not the shepherds feed the flocks?

3Ye eat the fat, and ye clothe you with the wool, ye kill them that are fed: but ye feed not the flock.

4The diseased have ye not strengthened, neither have ye healed that which was sick, neither have ye bound up that which was broken, neither have ye brought again that which was driven away, neither have ye sought that which was lost; but with force and with cruelty have ye ruled them.

5And they were scattered, because there is no shepherd: and they became meat to all the beasts of the field, when they were scattered.

6My sheep wandered through all the mountains, and upon every high hill: yea, my flock was scattered upon all the face of the earth, and none did search or seek after them.

7Therefore, ye shepherds, hear the word of the LORD ;

8As I live, saith the Lord GOD , surely because my flock became a prey, and my flock became meat to every beast of the field, because there was no shepherd, neither did my shepherds search for my flock, but the shepherds fed themselves, and fed not my flock;

Ezekiel 34:9-16

9–16: Therefore, O ye shepherds, hear the word of the LORD ;

Ezekiel 34:9–16 opens with “Therefore, O ye shepherds, hear the word of the LORD ;” and reaches “I will seek that which was lost, and bring again that which was driven away, and will bind up…” by its final verse. That movement develops the focus on Negligent shepherds feeding themselves contrasted with the Lord gathering injured and scattered sheep, with particular weight carried by feed, flock, LORD.

Deep dive

The movement opens with “Therefore, O ye shepherds, hear the word of the LORD ;” By verse 12, the text has turned to “As a shepherd seeketh out his flock in the day that he is among his sheep that are…” It lands on “I will seek that which was lost, and bring again that which was driven away, and will bind…” The distance between those lines matters as much as any isolated phrase. The passage has a voice and pulse of its own, including 1 stated contrast, 4 verses naming the LORD or God. Those features reveal where the narrative slows down, speaks directly, or changes direction.

Accusation, warning, invitation to return, judgment, and hope each do different work. The prophet’s first audience anchors later questions about fulfillment. Words such as feed, flock, LORD, Israel, mountains, seek tie the complete block together. The central idea, “Negligent shepherds feeding themselves contrasted with the Lord gathering injured and scattered sheep,” should remain answerable to the text. Some conclusions are explicit, some gather support across several verses, and others remain strong inferences or interpretations.

Names or load-bearing terms in this scene include Israel, Lord. The nearest hinge to the center comes in verse 9: “Therefore, O ye shepherds, hear the word of the LORD ;” That detail helps separate the opening situation from what the passage changes next.

Words to trace: feed, flock, LORD, Israel, mountains, seek

Verse-by-verse path

  1. Ezekiel 34:9

    “Therefore, O ye shepherds, hear the word of the LORD ;” This line supplies a reason, result, or conclusion. It should stay attached to the claim or action that gives it meaning.

  2. Ezekiel 34:10

    “Thus saith the Lord GOD ; Behold, I am against the shepherds; and I will require my flock at their hand, and cause…” The command cannot be understood from the verb alone. Its recipient, purpose, and place in the larger covenant or argument define the responsibility.

  3. Ezekiel 34:11

    “For thus saith the Lord GOD ; Behold, I, even I, will both search my sheep, and seek them out.” This line supplies a reason, result, or conclusion. It should stay attached to the claim or action that gives it meaning.

  4. Ezekiel 34:12

    “As a shepherd seeketh out his flock in the day that he is among his sheep that are scattered; so will I seek out my…” The line’s distinctive content terms include scattered, sheep, cloudy. Its relationship to verses 11 and 13 shows what work it does in this passage.

  5. Ezekiel 34:13

    “And I will bring them out from the people, and gather them from the countries, and will bring them to their own land…” Naming Israel keeps the account rooted in particular people or places. Follow where the name returns and what changes around it.

  6. Ezekiel 34:14

    “I will feed them in a good pasture, and upon the high mountains of Israel shall their fold be: there shall they lie in…” The command cannot be understood from the verb alone. Its recipient, purpose, and place in the larger covenant or argument define the responsibility.

  7. Ezekiel 34:15

    “I will feed my flock, and I will cause them to lie down, saith the Lord GOD .” The verse names Lord rather than leaving the action without a source. Watch whether the next line continues, answers, or contrasts that action.

  8. Ezekiel 34:16

    “I will seek that which was lost, and bring again that which was driven away, and will bind up that which was broken…” The line’s distinctive content terms include bind, broken, destroy. Its relationship to verses 15 shows what work it does in this passage.

Ezekiel 34:9-16

King James Version

9Therefore, O ye shepherds, hear the word of the LORD ;

10Thus saith the Lord GOD ; Behold, I am against the shepherds; and I will require my flock at their hand, and cause them to cease from feeding the flock; neither shall the shepherds feed themselves any more; for I will deliver my flock from their mouth, that they may not be meat for them.

11For thus saith the Lord GOD ; Behold, I, even I, will both search my sheep, and seek them out.

12As a shepherd seeketh out his flock in the day that he is among his sheep that are scattered; so will I seek out my sheep, and will deliver them out of all places where they have been scattered in the cloudy and dark day.

13And I will bring them out from the people, and gather them from the countries, and will bring them to their own land, and feed them upon the mountains of Israel by the rivers, and in all the inhabited places of the country.

14I will feed them in a good pasture, and upon the high mountains of Israel shall their fold be: there shall they lie in a good fold, and in a fat pasture shall they feed upon the mountains of Israel.

15I will feed my flock, and I will cause them to lie down, saith the Lord GOD .

16I will seek that which was lost, and bring again that which was driven away, and will bind up that which was broken, and will strengthen that which was sick: but I will destroy the fat and the strong; I will feed them with judgment.

Ezekiel 34:17-24

17–24: As for you, O my flock, thus saith the Lord GOD ; Behold, I judge…

Ezekiel 34:17–24 opens with “And as for you, O my flock, thus saith the Lord GOD ; Behold, I judge between cattle and cattle…” and reaches “And I the LORD will be their God, and my servant David a prince among them; I the LORD have…” by its final verse. That movement develops the focus on Negligent shepherds feeding themselves contrasted with the Lord gathering injured and scattered sheep, with particular weight carried by cattle, feet, LORD.

Deep dive

The movement opens with “And as for you, O my flock, thus saith the Lord GOD ; Behold, I judge between cattle and…” By verse 20, the text has turned to “Therefore thus saith the Lord GOD unto them; Behold, I, even I, will judge between the fat…” It lands on “And I the LORD will be their God, and my servant David a prince among them; I the LORD have…” The distance between those lines matters as much as any isolated phrase. The passage has a voice and pulse of its own, including 1 question, 1 stated contrast, 3 verses naming the LORD or God. Those features reveal where the narrative slows down, speaks directly, or changes direction.

Accusation, warning, invitation to return, judgment, and hope each do different work. The prophet’s first audience anchors later questions about fulfillment. Words such as cattle, feet, LORD, flock, judge, David tie the complete block together. The central idea, “Negligent shepherds feeding themselves contrasted with the Lord gathering injured and scattered sheep,” should remain answerable to the text. Some conclusions are explicit, some gather support across several verses, and others remain strong inferences or interpretations.

Names or load-bearing terms in this scene include David, Lord, Because, God, Seemeth. Its number language includes one. The nearest hinge to the center comes in verse 20: “Therefore thus saith the Lord GOD unto them; Behold, I, even I, will judge between the fat cattle and between the lean cattle.” That detail helps separate the opening situation from what the passage changes next.

Words to trace: cattle, feet, LORD, flock, judge, David

Verse-by-verse path

  1. Ezekiel 34:17

    “And as for you, O my flock, thus saith the Lord GOD ; Behold, I judge between cattle and cattle, between the rams and…” The verse names Lord rather than leaving the action without a source. Watch whether the next line continues, answers, or contrasts that action.

  2. Ezekiel 34:18

    “Seemeth it a small thing unto you to have eaten up the good pasture, but ye must tread down with your feet the residue…” The question slows the passage down. Notice who is being pressed to answer, what the question assumes, and whether the next lines provide a response.

  3. Ezekiel 34:19

    “And as for my flock, they eat that which ye have trodden with your feet; and they drink that which ye have fouled with…” The line’s distinctive content terms include feet, drink, flock. Its relationship to verses 18 and 20 shows what work it does in this passage.

  4. Ezekiel 34:20

    “Therefore thus saith the Lord GOD unto them; Behold, I, even I, will judge between the fat cattle and between the lean…” This line supplies a reason, result, or conclusion. It should stay attached to the claim or action that gives it meaning.

  5. Ezekiel 34:21

    “Because ye have thrust with side and with shoulder, and pushed all the diseased with your horns, till ye have…” This line supplies a reason, result, or conclusion. It should stay attached to the claim or action that gives it meaning.

  6. Ezekiel 34:22

    “Therefore will I save my flock, and they shall no more be a prey; and I will judge between cattle and cattle.” This line supplies a reason, result, or conclusion. It should stay attached to the claim or action that gives it meaning.

  7. Ezekiel 34:23

    “And I will set up one shepherd over them, and he shall feed them, even my servant David; he shall feed them, and he…” The command cannot be understood from the verb alone. Its recipient, purpose, and place in the larger covenant or argument define the responsibility.

  8. Ezekiel 34:24

    “And I the LORD will be their God, and my servant David a prince among them; I the LORD have spoken it.” Naming David keeps the account rooted in particular people or places. Follow where the name returns and what changes around it.

Ezekiel 34:17-24

King James Version

17And as for you, O my flock, thus saith the Lord GOD ; Behold, I judge between cattle and cattle, between the rams and the he goats.

18Seemeth it a small thing unto you to have eaten up the good pasture, but ye must tread down with your feet the residue of your pastures? and to have drunk of the deep waters, but ye must foul the residue with your feet?

19And as for my flock, they eat that which ye have trodden with your feet; and they drink that which ye have fouled with your feet.

20Therefore thus saith the Lord GOD unto them; Behold, I, even I, will judge between the fat cattle and between the lean cattle.

21Because ye have thrust with side and with shoulder, and pushed all the diseased with your horns, till ye have scattered them abroad;

22Therefore will I save my flock, and they shall no more be a prey; and I will judge between cattle and cattle.

23And I will set up one shepherd over them, and he shall feed them, even my servant David; he shall feed them, and he shall be their shepherd.

24And I the LORD will be their God, and my servant David a prince among them; I the LORD have spoken it.

Ezekiel 34:25-31

25–31: I will make with them a covenant of peace, and will cause the evil…

Ezekiel 34:25–31 opens with “And I will make with them a covenant of peace, and will cause the evil beasts to cease out of…” and reaches “And ye my flock, the flock of my pasture, are men, and I am your God, saith the Lord GOD .” by its final verse. That movement develops the focus on Negligent shepherds feeding themselves contrasted with the Lord gathering injured and scattered sheep, with particular weight carried by land, LORD, blessing.

Deep dive

The movement opens with “And I will make with them a covenant of peace, and will cause the evil beasts to cease out…” By verse 28, the text has turned to “And they shall no more be a prey to the heathen, neither shall the beast of the land devour…” It lands on “And ye my flock, the flock of my pasture, are men, and I am your God, saith the Lord GOD .” The distance between those lines matters as much as any isolated phrase. The passage has a voice and pulse of its own, including 1 stated contrast, 3 verses naming the LORD or God. Those features reveal where the narrative slows down, speaks directly, or changes direction.

Accusation, warning, invitation to return, judgment, and hope each do different work. The prophet’s first audience anchors later questions about fulfillment. Words such as land, LORD, blessing, cause, dwell, flock tie the complete block together. The central idea, “Negligent shepherds feeding themselves contrasted with the Lord gathering injured and scattered sheep,” should remain answerable to the text. Some conclusions are explicit, some gather support across several verses, and others remain strong inferences or interpretations.

Names or load-bearing terms in this scene include God, Lord, Israel. The nearest hinge to the center comes in verse 28: “And they shall no more be a prey to the heathen, neither shall the beast of the land devour them; but they shall dwell safely, and…” That detail helps separate the opening situation from what the passage changes next.

Words to trace: land, LORD, blessing, cause, dwell, flock

Verse-by-verse path

  1. Ezekiel 34:25

    “And I will make with them a covenant of peace, and will cause the evil beasts to cease out of the land: and they shall…” The promise, blessing, or covenant language needs its named recipient and scope. Those details prevent a personal word in the story from becoming a promise detached from context.

  2. Ezekiel 34:26

    “And I will make them and the places round about my hill a blessing; and I will cause the shower to come down in his…” The command cannot be understood from the verb alone. Its recipient, purpose, and place in the larger covenant or argument define the responsibility.

  3. Ezekiel 34:27

    “And the tree of the field shall yield her fruit, and the earth shall yield her increase, and they shall be safe in…” The command cannot be understood from the verb alone. Its recipient, purpose, and place in the larger covenant or argument define the responsibility.

  4. Ezekiel 34:28

    “And they shall no more be a prey to the heathen, neither shall the beast of the land devour them; but they shall dwell…” The command cannot be understood from the verb alone. Its recipient, purpose, and place in the larger covenant or argument define the responsibility.

  5. Ezekiel 34:29

    “And I will raise up for them a plant of renown, and they shall be no more consumed with hunger in the land, neither…” The command cannot be understood from the verb alone. Its recipient, purpose, and place in the larger covenant or argument define the responsibility.

  6. Ezekiel 34:30

    “Thus shall they know that I the LORD their God am with them, and that they, even the house of Israel, are my people…” The command cannot be understood from the verb alone. Its recipient, purpose, and place in the larger covenant or argument define the responsibility.

  7. Ezekiel 34:31

    “And ye my flock, the flock of my pasture, are men, and I am your God, saith the Lord GOD .” The verse names God and Lord rather than leaving the action without a source. Watch whether the next line continues, answers, or contrasts that action.

Ezekiel 34:25-31

King James Version

25And I will make with them a covenant of peace, and will cause the evil beasts to cease out of the land: and they shall dwell safely in the wilderness, and sleep in the woods.

26And I will make them and the places round about my hill a blessing; and I will cause the shower to come down in his season; there shall be showers of blessing.

27And the tree of the field shall yield her fruit, and the earth shall yield her increase, and they shall be safe in their land, and shall know that I am the LORD , when I have broken the bands of their yoke, and delivered them out of the hand of those that served themselves of them.

28And they shall no more be a prey to the heathen, neither shall the beast of the land devour them; but they shall dwell safely, and none shall make them afraid.

29And I will raise up for them a plant of renown, and they shall be no more consumed with hunger in the land, neither bear the shame of the heathen any more.

30Thus shall they know that I the LORD their God am with them, and that they, even the house of Israel, are my people, saith the Lord GOD .

31And ye my flock, the flock of my pasture, are men, and I am your God, saith the Lord GOD .

Resources gathered for this chapter

The story map and deeper reflection are available as distinct resources alongside this teaching plan. Each opens on its own page.

Level 1 story resourceMade for curious teens and first-time readers. Short story movements, strong visuals, helpful KJV word notes, and surprising details keep each chapter moving.Level 2 depth resourceRooted in the KJV text, with philosophical and theological depth that identifies Catholic, Protestant, Eastern Orthodox, Jewish, and Messianic Jewish perspectives when they materially differ.

A chapter-specific teaching brief

These anchors come from this chapter itself. They help a teacher use the Level 1 story map, the Level 2 analysis, and the Scripture text as one lesson.

1

Open with the chapter’s first image

Ezekiel 34:1: “And the word of the LORD came unto me, saying,”

2

Slow down at the turning point

Ezekiel 34:18: “Seemeth it a small thing unto you to have eaten up the good pasture, but ye must tread down with your feet the residue of your pastures? and to have drunk…”

3

Keep this word trail visible

flock, LORD, feed, shepherds, cattle, Israel

Observation and teaching prompt

  1. Identify the historical crisis, covenant failure, warning, and promised hope.
  2. Distinguish the prophet’s immediate audience from later biblical connections.
  3. Do not turn present-day headlines into confident fulfillment claims without textual evidence.

Text first

Where readers differ

The chapter summary begins with what the passage says and how its parts fit together. It does not assume one denomination has already settled every question. Where a conclusion depends on a tradition, literary theory, or historical reconstruction, that dependence is named openly.

The KJV text is presented first. Interpretive conclusions are labeled, and differences are introduced only when they help a reader understand why serious communities do not always reach the same answer.

Comparative interpretive notes for this chapter are in preparation. Until reviewed notes are ready, this page separates the KJV text from summary and application without claiming that serious readers agree on every question.

Learning objectives

  1. Place Ezekiel 34 within Ezekiel 34 and explain its role in Ezekiel.
  2. Describe from the text how the passage develops this focus: Negligent shepherds feeding themselves contrasted with the Lord gathering injured and scattered sheep.
  3. Distinguish an explicit statement, a Scripture-supported conclusion, and an interpretation.
  4. Explain how prophecy shapes a responsible reading of this unit.
  5. Compare a related song or video with the passage, then return to the text to test it.
  6. Form a personal and communal response that does not exceed the evidence of Scripture.

Teacher preparation

  1. Read Ezekiel 34 twice, then read the material immediately before and after it.
  2. Review the book movement: Ezekiel 34 (Ezekiel 34).
  3. Mark speakers, actions, repeated words, commands, contrasts, promises, and consequences.
  4. Preview each related song or video and note where it condenses, interprets, or dramatizes the text.
  5. Prepare a participation option that lets learners respond without forced personal disclosure.

Evidence and interpretation checks

Explicit

Record two claims that Ezekiel 34 states directly and cite the verses.

Scripture-supported

Form one conclusion that joins several parts of Ezekiel 34. Show each step.

Strong inference

Identify a conclusion that follows the text closely even though it is not stated in one sentence.

Possible or traditional reading

Where responsible readings differ, present the difference without turning it into certainty.

Limit

Do not use speculation as a teaching conclusion.

Discussion with answer guidance

1. What does Ezekiel 34 state directly about God, people, or the situation?

Show teacher guidance

Begin with the passage’s words and actions. Require an exact verse before accepting a conclusion.

2. How does this focus develop across the passage: Negligent shepherds feeding themselves contrasted with the Lord gathering injured and scattered sheep?

Show teacher guidance

Trace the opening, change, and outcome. Do not rely on one sentence when the unit presents a sequence.

3. Which word, action, contrast, or response repeats, and what work does it do?

Show teacher guidance

Repetition may signal structure or emphasis, but explain its meaning inside the immediate context.

4. How does this unit contribute to the Ezekiel 34 movement?

Show teacher guidance

Compare the unit with what comes before and after it in the same book.

5. What interpretive caution does prophecy require here?

Show teacher guidance

Identify the first audience, historical crisis, covenant charge, warning, call to return, and promised hope before considering later fulfillment.

6. What faithful response follows for an individual and for a community?

Show teacher guidance

Form a concrete, proportionate response. Do not turn a description into a command without evidence.

Responsible application

Heart and habits

Name one belief, desire, or practice that Ezekiel 34 corrects, strengthens, or redirects.

Relationships and community

Form one action that protects dignity, truth, justice, mercy, or faithfulness in a real relationship.

Worship and prayer

Write a prayer using the vocabulary and concerns of the passage.

Service and witness

Choose one observable response for this week and one person who can support accountability.

Audience adaptations

Children

Use a short reading block, a people-and-actions map, and one concrete response. Explain difficult vocabulary before reading.

Youth

Ask learners to identify pressure, loyalty, power, and consequences. Permit written responses without public disclosure.

Adults

Add literary and historical context, compare responsible readings, and require evidence for each claim.

Intergenerational group

Pair different ages, assign observation before interpretation, and close with a shared prayer.

Online or at home

Send the reference in advance, use media as an observation pause, and gather responses in a shared document.

Complete 75-minute teaching path

A shorter group can omit the extended discussion while preserving the Scripture reading, evidence check, and closing response.

5 min

Orient the group

Name the book, Ezekiel 34, genre, and central question. Explain that every conclusion will be checked against the text.

15 min

Read the complete unit

Read aloud or silently. Learners mark speakers, repetitions, commands, contrasts, and changes.

15 min

Work through the reading blocks

Summarize each block in one sentence and record the verse that supports the summary.

10 min

Use a song or video

Play one related resource. Compare its emphasis and omissions with the passage.

15 min

Discuss from evidence

Use the questions and require a Scripture reference for every major answer.

10 min

Form responsible application

Develop one personal and one communal response. Avoid promises or commands that the text does not establish.

5 min

Summarize and pray

Let each learner complete one sentence about the passage. Pray with its vocabulary and concerns.

Song and video learning lab

A song or video may interpret, compress, or dramatize the text. Its value becomes clearer when its choices are compared with Scripture.

  1. Before the media: the exact passage and its central movement.
  2. During the media: the words, people, events, and emotions the artist emphasizes.
  3. After the media: what it clarifies, what it leaves out, and what belongs back in the biblical text.