Exodus 10

Exodus 10

The big picture

Exodus 10 opens in verse 1 with “And the LORD said unto Moses, Go in unto Pharaoh: for I have hardened his heart, and the…”, reaches its middle movement near verse 15 with “For they covered the face of the whole earth, so that the land was darkened; and they…”, and closes in verse 29 with “And Moses said, Thou hast spoken well, I will see thy face again no more.” Repeated or prominent terms include LORD, Moses, Egypt, land, Pharaoh. Together, those details trace this chapter’s own movement from its opening to its conclusion.

Scripture beside the summary

Exodus · King James Version · 29

Exodus 10:1-8

1–8: The LORD said unto Moses, Go in unto Pharaoh: for I have hardened his…

Exodus 10:1–8 opens with “And the LORD said unto Moses, Go in unto Pharaoh: for I have hardened his heart, and the heart…” and reaches “And Moses and Aaron were brought again unto Pharaoh: and he said unto them, Go, serve the LORD…” by its final verse. That movement develops the focus on Exodus 10 develops its own movement around LORD, Moses, Egypt, land, Pharaoh, with particular weight carried by LORD, Pharaoh, earth.

Deep dive

The movement opens with “And the LORD said unto Moses, Go in unto Pharaoh: for I have hardened his heart, and the…” By verse 4, the text has turned to “Else, if thou refuse to let my people go, behold, to morrow will I bring the locusts into…” It lands on “And Moses and Aaron were brought again unto Pharaoh: and he said unto them, Go, serve the…” The distance between those lines matters as much as any isolated phrase. The passage has a voice and pulse of its own, including 4 verses with a speech marker, 3 questions, 1 stated contrast, 5 verses naming the LORD or God. Those features reveal where the narrative slows down, speaks directly, or changes direction.

The covenant audience and the reason attached to each command show how worship, holiness, justice, mercy, and communal responsibility belong together. Words such as LORD, Pharaoh, earth, fathers, houses, Moses tie the complete block together. The central idea, “Exodus 10 develops its own movement around LORD, Moses, Egypt, land, Pharaoh,” should remain answerable to the text. Some conclusions are explicit, some gather support across several verses, and others remain strong inferences or interpretations.

Names or load-bearing terms in this scene include Pharaoh, God, Moses, Aaron, Egypt, Egyptians. Its number language includes one. The nearest hinge to the center comes in verse 3: “And Moses and Aaron came in unto Pharaoh, and said unto him, Thus saith the LORD God of the Hebrews, How long wilt thou refuse to…” That detail helps separate the opening situation from what the passage changes next.

Words to trace: LORD, Pharaoh, earth, fathers, houses, Moses

Verse-by-verse path

  1. Exodus 10:1

    “And the LORD said unto Moses, Go in unto Pharaoh: for I have hardened his heart, and the heart of his servants, that I…” Naming Moses and Pharaoh keeps the account rooted in particular people or places. Follow where the name returns and what changes around it.

  2. Exodus 10:2

    “And that thou mayest tell in the ears of thy son, and of thy son’s son, what things I have wrought in Egypt, and my…” Naming Egypt keeps the account rooted in particular people or places. Follow where the name returns and what changes around it.

  3. Exodus 10:3

    “And Moses and Aaron came in unto Pharaoh, and said unto him, Thus saith the LORD God of the Hebrews, How long wilt…” The question slows the passage down. Notice who is being pressed to answer, what the question assumes, and whether the next lines provide a response.

  4. Exodus 10:4

    “Else, if thou refuse to let my people go, behold, to morrow will I bring the locusts into thy coast:” Naming Else keeps the account rooted in particular people or places. Follow where the name returns and what changes around it.

  5. Exodus 10:5

    “And they shall cover the face of the earth, that one cannot be able to see the earth: and they shall eat the residue…” The command cannot be understood from the verb alone. Its recipient, purpose, and place in the larger covenant or argument define the responsibility.

  6. Exodus 10:6

    “And they shall fill thy houses, and the houses of all thy servants, and the houses of all the Egyptians; which neither…” The command cannot be understood from the verb alone. Its recipient, purpose, and place in the larger covenant or argument define the responsibility.

  7. Exodus 10:7

    “And Pharaoh’s servants said unto him, How long shall this man be a snare unto us? let the men go, that they may serve…” The question slows the passage down. Notice who is being pressed to answer, what the question assumes, and whether the next lines provide a response.

  8. Exodus 10:8

    “And Moses and Aaron were brought again unto Pharaoh: and he said unto them, Go, serve the LORD your God: but who are…” The question slows the passage down. Notice who is being pressed to answer, what the question assumes, and whether the next lines provide a response.

Exodus 10:1-8

King James Version

1And the LORD said unto Moses, Go in unto Pharaoh: for I have hardened his heart, and the heart of his servants, that I might shew these my signs before him:

2And that thou mayest tell in the ears of thy son, and of thy son’s son, what things I have wrought in Egypt, and my signs which I have done among them; that ye may know how that I am the LORD .

3And Moses and Aaron came in unto Pharaoh, and said unto him, Thus saith the LORD God of the Hebrews, How long wilt thou refuse to humble thyself before me? let my people go, that they may serve me.

4Else, if thou refuse to let my people go, behold, to morrow will I bring the locusts into thy coast:

5And they shall cover the face of the earth, that one cannot be able to see the earth: and they shall eat the residue of that which is escaped, which remaineth unto you from the hail, and shall eat every tree which groweth for you out of the field:

6And they shall fill thy houses, and the houses of all thy servants, and the houses of all the Egyptians; which neither thy fathers, nor thy fathers’ fathers have seen, since the day that they were upon the earth unto this day. And he turned himself, and went out from Pharaoh.

7And Pharaoh’s servants said unto him, How long shall this man be a snare unto us? let the men go, that they may serve the LORD their God: knowest thou not yet that Egypt is destroyed?

8And Moses and Aaron were brought again unto Pharaoh: and he said unto them, Go, serve the LORD your God: but who are they that shall go?

Exodus 10:9-16

9–16: Moses said, We will go with our young and with our old, with our sons…

Exodus 10:9–16 opens with “And Moses said, We will go with our young and with our old, with our sons and with our…” and reaches “Then Pharaoh called for Moses and Aaron in haste; and he said, I have sinned against the LORD…” by its final verse. That movement develops the focus on Exodus 10 develops its own movement around LORD, Moses, Egypt, land, Pharaoh, with particular weight carried by land, Egypt, LORD.

Deep dive

The movement opens with “And Moses said, We will go with our young and with our old, with our sons and with our…” By verse 12, the text has turned to “And the LORD said unto Moses, Stretch out thine hand over the land of Egypt for the locusts…” It lands on “Then Pharaoh called for Moses and Aaron in haste; and he said, I have sinned against the…” The distance between those lines matters as much as any isolated phrase. The passage has a voice and pulse of its own, including 4 verses with a speech marker, 6 verses naming the LORD or God. Those features reveal where the narrative slows down, speaks directly, or changes direction.

The covenant audience and the reason attached to each command show how worship, holiness, justice, mercy, and communal responsibility belong together. Words such as land, Egypt, LORD, locusts, Moses, east tie the complete block together. The central idea, “Exodus 10 develops its own movement around LORD, Moses, Egypt, land, Pharaoh,” should remain answerable to the text. Some conclusions are explicit, some gather support across several verses, and others remain strong inferences or interpretations.

Names or load-bearing terms in this scene include Egypt, Moses, Pharaoh, Aaron, God, Not. The nearest hinge to the center comes in verse 16: “Then Pharaoh called for Moses and Aaron in haste; and he said, I have sinned against the LORD your God, and against you.” That detail helps separate the opening situation from what the passage changes next.

Words to trace: land, Egypt, LORD, locusts, Moses, east

Verse-by-verse path

  1. Exodus 10:9

    “And Moses said, We will go with our young and with our old, with our sons and with our daughters, with our flocks and…” The command cannot be understood from the verb alone. Its recipient, purpose, and place in the larger covenant or argument define the responsibility.

  2. Exodus 10:10

    “And he said unto them, Let the LORD be so with you, as I will let you go, and your little ones: look to it; for evil…” The line’s distinctive content terms include evil, little, look. Its relationship to verses 9 and 11 shows what work it does in this passage.

  3. Exodus 10:11

    “Not so: go now ye that are men, and serve the LORD ; for that ye did desire. And they were driven out from Pharaoh’s…” Naming Not and Pharaoh keeps the account rooted in particular people or places. Follow where the name returns and what changes around it.

  4. Exodus 10:12

    “And the LORD said unto Moses, Stretch out thine hand over the land of Egypt for the locusts, that they may come up…” Naming Egypt and Moses keeps the account rooted in particular people or places. Follow where the name returns and what changes around it.

  5. Exodus 10:13

    “And Moses stretched forth his rod over the land of Egypt, and the LORD brought an east wind upon the land all that…” Naming Egypt and Moses keeps the account rooted in particular people or places. Follow where the name returns and what changes around it.

  6. Exodus 10:14

    “And the locusts went up over all the land of Egypt, and rested in all the coasts of Egypt: very grievous were they…” The command cannot be understood from the verb alone. Its recipient, purpose, and place in the larger covenant or argument define the responsibility.

  7. Exodus 10:15

    “For they covered the face of the whole earth, so that the land was darkened; and they did eat every herb of the land…” This line supplies a reason, result, or conclusion. It should stay attached to the claim or action that gives it meaning.

  8. Exodus 10:16

    “Then Pharaoh called for Moses and Aaron in haste; and he said, I have sinned against the LORD your God, and against…” Naming Aaron keeps the account rooted in particular people or places. Follow where the name returns and what changes around it.

Exodus 10:9-16

King James Version

9And Moses said, We will go with our young and with our old, with our sons and with our daughters, with our flocks and with our herds will we go; for we must hold a feast unto the LORD .

10And he said unto them, Let the LORD be so with you, as I will let you go, and your little ones: look to it; for evil is before you.

11Not so: go now ye that are men, and serve the LORD ; for that ye did desire. And they were driven out from Pharaoh’s presence.

12And the LORD said unto Moses, Stretch out thine hand over the land of Egypt for the locusts, that they may come up upon the land of Egypt, and eat every herb of the land, even all that the hail hath left.

13And Moses stretched forth his rod over the land of Egypt, and the LORD brought an east wind upon the land all that day, and all that night; and when it was morning, the east wind brought the locusts.

14And the locusts went up over all the land of Egypt, and rested in all the coasts of Egypt: very grievous were they; before them there were no such locusts as they, neither after them shall be such.

15For they covered the face of the whole earth, so that the land was darkened; and they did eat every herb of the land, and all the fruit of the trees which the hail had left: and there remained not any green thing in the trees, or in the herbs of the field, through all the land of Egypt.

16Then Pharaoh called for Moses and Aaron in haste; and he said, I have sinned against the LORD your God, and against you.

Exodus 10:17-24

17–24: Therefore forgive, I pray thee, my sin only this once, and intreat the…

Exodus 10:17–24 opens with “Now therefore forgive, I pray thee, my sin only this once, and intreat the LORD your God, that…” and reaches “And Pharaoh called unto Moses, and said, Go ye, serve the LORD ; only let your flocks and your…” by its final verse. That movement develops the focus on Exodus 10 develops its own movement around LORD, Moses, Egypt, land, Pharaoh, with particular weight carried by LORD, darkness, Egypt.

Deep dive

The movement opens with “Now therefore forgive, I pray thee, my sin only this once, and intreat the LORD your God…” By verse 20, the text has turned to “But the LORD hardened Pharaoh’s heart, so that he would not let the children of Israel go.” It lands on “And Pharaoh called unto Moses, and said, Go ye, serve the LORD ; only let your flocks and…” The distance between those lines matters as much as any isolated phrase. The passage has a voice and pulse of its own, including 2 verses with a speech marker, 2 stated contrasts, 6 verses naming the LORD or God. Those features reveal where the narrative slows down, speaks directly, or changes direction.

The covenant audience and the reason attached to each command show how worship, holiness, justice, mercy, and communal responsibility belong together. Words such as LORD, darkness, Egypt, Moses, children, days tie the complete block together. The central idea, “Exodus 10 develops its own movement around LORD, Moses, Egypt, land, Pharaoh,” should remain answerable to the text. Some conclusions are explicit, some gather support across several verses, and others remain strong inferences or interpretations.

Names or load-bearing terms in this scene include Egypt, Moses, Pharaoh, Israel, God, Red. Its number language includes one, three. The nearest hinge to the center comes in verse 20: “But the LORD hardened Pharaoh’s heart, so that he would not let the children of Israel go.” That detail helps separate the opening situation from what the passage changes next.

Words to trace: LORD, darkness, Egypt, Moses, children, days

Verse-by-verse path

  1. Exodus 10:17

    “Now therefore forgive, I pray thee, my sin only this once, and intreat the LORD your God, that he may take away from…” The verse names God rather than leaving the action without a source. Watch whether the next line continues, answers, or contrasts that action.

  2. Exodus 10:18

    “And he went out from Pharaoh, and intreated the LORD .” Naming Pharaoh keeps the account rooted in particular people or places. Follow where the name returns and what changes around it.

  3. Exodus 10:19

    “And the LORD turned a mighty strong west wind, which took away the locusts, and cast them into the Red sea; there…” The number one makes the report concrete. Ask whether it measures time, people, distance, repetition, or completeness before deciding what weight it carries.

  4. Exodus 10:20

    “But the LORD hardened Pharaoh’s heart, so that he would not let the children of Israel go.” Naming Israel and Pharaoh keeps the account rooted in particular people or places. Follow where the name returns and what changes around it.

  5. Exodus 10:21

    “And the LORD said unto Moses, Stretch out thine hand toward heaven, that there may be darkness over the land of Egypt…” Naming Egypt and Moses keeps the account rooted in particular people or places. Follow where the name returns and what changes around it.

  6. Exodus 10:22

    “And Moses stretched forth his hand toward heaven; and there was a thick darkness in all the land of Egypt three days:” The number three makes the report concrete. Ask whether it measures time, people, distance, repetition, or completeness before deciding what weight it carries.

  7. Exodus 10:23

    “They saw not one another, neither rose any from his place for three days: but all the children of Israel had light in…” The number one makes the report concrete. Ask whether it measures time, people, distance, repetition, or completeness before deciding what weight it carries.

  8. Exodus 10:24

    “And Pharaoh called unto Moses, and said, Go ye, serve the LORD ; only let your flocks and your herds be stayed: let…” The command cannot be understood from the verb alone. Its recipient, purpose, and place in the larger covenant or argument define the responsibility.

Exodus 10:17-24

King James Version

17Now therefore forgive, I pray thee, my sin only this once, and intreat the LORD your God, that he may take away from me this death only.

18And he went out from Pharaoh, and intreated the LORD .

19And the LORD turned a mighty strong west wind, which took away the locusts, and cast them into the Red sea; there remained not one locust in all the coasts of Egypt.

20But the LORD hardened Pharaoh’s heart, so that he would not let the children of Israel go.

21And the LORD said unto Moses, Stretch out thine hand toward heaven, that there may be darkness over the land of Egypt, even darkness which may be felt.

22And Moses stretched forth his hand toward heaven; and there was a thick darkness in all the land of Egypt three days:

23They saw not one another, neither rose any from his place for three days: but all the children of Israel had light in their dwellings.

24And Pharaoh called unto Moses, and said, Go ye, serve the LORD ; only let your flocks and your herds be stayed: let your little ones also go with you.

Exodus 10:25-29

25–29: Moses said, Thou must give us also sacrifices and burnt offerings, that…

Exodus 10:25–29 opens with “And Moses said, Thou must give us also sacrifices and burnt offerings, that we may sacrifice…” and reaches “And Moses said, Thou hast spoken well, I will see thy face again no more.” by its final verse. That movement develops the focus on Exodus 10 develops its own movement around LORD, Moses, Egypt, land, Pharaoh, with particular weight carried by LORD, face, Moses.

Deep dive

The movement opens with “And Moses said, Thou must give us also sacrifices and burnt offerings, that we may sacrifice…” By verse 27, the text has turned to “But the LORD hardened Pharaoh’s heart, and he would not let them go.” It lands on “And Moses said, Thou hast spoken well, I will see thy face again no more.” The distance between those lines matters as much as any isolated phrase. The passage has a voice and pulse of its own, including 3 verses with a speech marker, 1 stated contrast, 3 verses naming the LORD or God. Those features reveal where the narrative slows down, speaks directly, or changes direction.

The covenant audience and the reason attached to each command show how worship, holiness, justice, mercy, and communal responsibility belong together. Words such as LORD, face, Moses, serve, behind, burnt tie the complete block together. The central idea, “Exodus 10 develops its own movement around LORD, Moses, Egypt, land, Pharaoh,” should remain answerable to the text. Some conclusions are explicit, some gather support across several verses, and others remain strong inferences or interpretations.

Names or load-bearing terms in this scene include God, Moses, Pharaoh, Thou, Get, Our. The nearest hinge to the center comes in verse 27: “But the LORD hardened Pharaoh’s heart, and he would not let them go.” That detail helps separate the opening situation from what the passage changes next.

Words to trace: LORD, face, Moses, serve, behind, burnt

Verse-by-verse path

  1. Exodus 10:25

    “And Moses said, Thou must give us also sacrifices and burnt offerings, that we may sacrifice unto the LORD our God.” The command cannot be understood from the verb alone. Its recipient, purpose, and place in the larger covenant or argument define the responsibility.

  2. Exodus 10:26

    “Our cattle also shall go with us; there shall not an hoof be left behind; for thereof must we take to serve the LORD…” The command cannot be understood from the verb alone. Its recipient, purpose, and place in the larger covenant or argument define the responsibility.

  3. Exodus 10:27

    “But the LORD hardened Pharaoh’s heart, and he would not let them go.” Naming Pharaoh keeps the account rooted in particular people or places. Follow where the name returns and what changes around it.

  4. Exodus 10:28

    “And Pharaoh said unto him, Get thee from me, take heed to thyself, see my face no more; for in that day thou seest my…” Naming Get and Pharaoh keeps the account rooted in particular people or places. Follow where the name returns and what changes around it.

  5. Exodus 10:29

    “And Moses said, Thou hast spoken well, I will see thy face again no more.” Naming Moses and Thou keeps the account rooted in particular people or places. Follow where the name returns and what changes around it.

Exodus 10:25-29

King James Version

25And Moses said, Thou must give us also sacrifices and burnt offerings, that we may sacrifice unto the LORD our God.

26Our cattle also shall go with us; there shall not an hoof be left behind; for thereof must we take to serve the LORD our God; and we know not with what we must serve the LORD , until we come thither.

27But the LORD hardened Pharaoh’s heart, and he would not let them go.

28And Pharaoh said unto him, Get thee from me, take heed to thyself, see my face no more; for in that day thou seest my face thou shalt die.

29And Moses said, Thou hast spoken well, I will see thy face again no more.

Questions to keep in mind while reading

  1. Identify the people addressed and the covenant setting.
  2. Distinguish rescue, worship, holiness, justice, and community responsibility.
  3. Read commands in their literary and covenant context before making a modern application.

Text first

Where readers differ

The chapter summary begins with what the passage says and how its parts fit together. It does not assume one denomination has already settled every question. Where a conclusion depends on a tradition, literary theory, or historical reconstruction, that dependence is named openly.

The KJV text is presented first. Interpretive conclusions are labeled, and differences are introduced only when they help a reader understand why serious communities do not always reach the same answer.

Comparative interpretive notes for this chapter are in preparation. Until reviewed notes are ready, this page separates the KJV text from summary and application without claiming that serious readers agree on every question.

Questions beneath the surface

  1. What account of God, human freedom, responsibility, and the good life emerges from Exodus 10?
  2. Which tension does the chapter refuse to resolve quickly?
  3. What changes when the chapter is read as part of the whole canon rather than as an isolated moral story?
  4. Where might a sincere reader confuse a familiar tradition with something the text states directly?

Questions for serious personal contemplation

These open-ended questions make room for tension, honest response, prayer, and conclusions that remain accountable to the chapter.

Observe without rushing

  1. What part of Exodus 10 makes you stop, feel unsettled, or feel surprised, and why?

  2. Which detail in the passage would be easiest to overlook? How does that detail change your understanding?

  3. Where do you see tension between what happens and this focus: Exodus 10 develops its own movement around LORD, Moses, Egypt, land, Pharaoh?

  4. What important question does the passage leave open instead of resolving quickly?

Examine your inner life honestly

  1. Which person, response, fear, or desire in the passage feels most like your own life right now?

  2. What assumption about God, other people, or yourself does this text challenge?

  3. Which part would you rather soften, avoid, or explain away too quickly? What might that reaction reveal?

  4. If this Scripture could ask you one direct question, what do you think it would ask?

Respond with wisdom and courage

  1. What do you need to remember, confess, grieve, thank God for, or trust after reading this passage?

  2. How might another faithful person read this situation differently without ignoring the text?

  3. What obedient response would be costly, uncomfortable, or slow, yet still faithful to Scripture?

  4. What question will you carry into prayer this week, and which verses will you keep in front of you?