The big picture
Exodus 22 opens in verse 1 with “If a man shall steal an ox, or a sheep, and kill it, or sell it; he shall restore five…”, reaches its middle movement near verse 16 with “And if a man entice a maid that is not betrothed, and lie with her, he shall surely…”, and closes in verse 31 with “And ye shall be holy men unto me: neither shall ye eat any flesh that is torn of beasts…” Repeated or prominent terms include sheep, field, surely, good, neighbour. Together, those details trace this chapter’s own movement from its opening to its conclusion.
Scripture beside the summary
Exodus · King James Version · 31Exodus 22:1-8
1–8: If a man shall steal an ox, or a sheep, and kill it, or sell it; he…
Exodus 22:1–8 opens with “If a man shall steal an ox, or a sheep, and kill it, or sell it; he shall restore five oxen for…” and reaches “If the thief be not found, then the master of the house shall be brought unto the judges, to see…” by its final verse. That movement develops the focus on the wording and movement of this passage, with particular weight carried by field, sheep, restitution.
Deep dive
The movement opens with “If a man shall steal an ox, or a sheep, and kill it, or sell it; he shall restore five oxen…” By verse 4, the text has turned to “If the theft be certainly found in his hand alive, whether it be ox, or ass, or sheep; he…” It lands on “If the thief be not found, then the master of the house shall be brought unto the judges, to…” The distance between those lines matters as much as any isolated phrase. Its subjects, actions, connecting terms, and consequences reveal how the thought develops before any interpretation is added.
The covenant audience and the reason attached to each command show how worship, holiness, justice, mercy, and communal responsibility belong together. Words such as field, sheep, restitution, thief, best, blood tie the complete block together. The central idea, “the wording and movement of this passage,” should remain answerable to the text. Some conclusions are explicit, some gather support across several verses, and others remain strong inferences or interpretations.
Names or load-bearing terms in this scene include field, sheep, restitution, thief, best. Its number language includes five, four. The nearest hinge to the center comes in verse 4: “If the theft be certainly found in his hand alive, whether it be ox, or ass, or sheep; he shall restore double.” That detail helps separate the opening situation from what the passage changes next.
Words to trace: field, sheep, restitution, thief, best, blood
Verse-by-verse path
- Exodus 22:1
“If a man shall steal an ox, or a sheep, and kill it, or sell it; he shall restore five oxen for an ox, and four sheep…” The command cannot be understood from the verb alone. Its recipient, purpose, and place in the larger covenant or argument define the responsibility.
- Exodus 22:2
“If a thief be found breaking up, and be smitten that he die, there shall no blood be shed for him.” The command cannot be understood from the verb alone. Its recipient, purpose, and place in the larger covenant or argument define the responsibility.
- Exodus 22:3
“If the sun be risen upon him, there shall be blood shed for him; for he should make full restitution; if he have…” The command cannot be understood from the verb alone. Its recipient, purpose, and place in the larger covenant or argument define the responsibility.
- Exodus 22:4
“If the theft be certainly found in his hand alive, whether it be ox, or ass, or sheep; he shall restore double.” The command cannot be understood from the verb alone. Its recipient, purpose, and place in the larger covenant or argument define the responsibility.
- Exodus 22:5
“If a man shall cause a field or vineyard to be eaten, and shall put in his beast, and shall feed in another man’s…” The command cannot be understood from the verb alone. Its recipient, purpose, and place in the larger covenant or argument define the responsibility.
- Exodus 22:6
“If fire break out, and catch in thorns, so that the stacks of corn, or the standing corn, or the field, be consumed…” The command cannot be understood from the verb alone. Its recipient, purpose, and place in the larger covenant or argument define the responsibility.
- Exodus 22:7
“If a man shall deliver unto his neighbour money or stuff to keep, and it be stolen out of the man’s house; if the…” The command cannot be understood from the verb alone. Its recipient, purpose, and place in the larger covenant or argument define the responsibility.
- Exodus 22:8
“If the thief be not found, then the master of the house shall be brought unto the judges, to see whether he have put…” The command cannot be understood from the verb alone. Its recipient, purpose, and place in the larger covenant or argument define the responsibility.
Exodus 22:1-8
King James Version1If a man shall steal an ox, or a sheep, and kill it, or sell it; he shall restore five oxen for an ox, and four sheep for a sheep.
2If a thief be found breaking up, and be smitten that he die, there shall no blood be shed for him.
3If the sun be risen upon him, there shall be blood shed for him; for he should make full restitution; if he have nothing, then he shall be sold for his theft.
4If the theft be certainly found in his hand alive, whether it be ox, or ass, or sheep; he shall restore double.
5If a man shall cause a field or vineyard to be eaten, and shall put in his beast, and shall feed in another man’s field; of the best of his own field, and of the best of his own vineyard, shall he make restitution.
6If fire break out, and catch in thorns, so that the stacks of corn, or the standing corn, or the field, be consumed therewith; he that kindled the fire shall surely make restitution.
7If a man shall deliver unto his neighbour money or stuff to keep, and it be stolen out of the man’s house; if the thief be found, let him pay double.
8If the thief be not found, then the master of the house shall be brought unto the judges, to see whether he have put his hand unto his neighbour’s goods.
Exodus 22:9-16
9–16: For all manner of trespass, whether it be for ox, for ass, for sheep…
Exodus 22:9–16 opens with “For all manner of trespass, whether it be for ox, for ass, for sheep, for raiment, or for any…” and reaches “And if a man entice a maid that is not betrothed, and lie with her, he shall surely endow her to…” by its final verse. That movement develops the focus on the wording and movement of this passage, with particular weight carried by good, owner, neighbour.
Deep dive
The movement opens with “For all manner of trespass, whether it be for ox, for ass, for sheep, for raiment, or for…” By verse 12, the text has turned to “And if it be stolen from him, he shall make restitution unto the owner thereof.” It lands on “And if a man entice a maid that is not betrothed, and lie with her, he shall surely endow…” The distance between those lines matters as much as any isolated phrase. The passage has a voice and pulse of its own, including 1 stated contrast, 1 verse naming the LORD or God. Those features reveal where the narrative slows down, speaks directly, or changes direction.
The covenant audience and the reason attached to each command show how worship, holiness, justice, mercy, and communal responsibility belong together. Words such as good, owner, neighbour, both, hurt, judges tie the complete block together. The central idea, “the wording and movement of this passage,” should remain answerable to the text. Some conclusions are explicit, some gather support across several verses, and others remain strong inferences or interpretations.
Names or load-bearing terms in this scene include good, owner, neighbour, both, hurt. The nearest hinge to the center comes in verse 11: “Then shall an oath of the LORD be between them both, that he hath not put his hand unto his neighbour’s goods; and the owner of it…” That detail helps separate the opening situation from what the passage changes next.
Words to trace: good, owner, neighbour, both, hurt, judges
Verse-by-verse path
- Exodus 22:9
“For all manner of trespass, whether it be for ox, for ass, for sheep, for raiment, or for any manner of lost thing…” This line supplies a reason, result, or conclusion. It should stay attached to the claim or action that gives it meaning.
- Exodus 22:10
“If a man deliver unto his neighbour an ass, or an ox, or a sheep, or any beast, to keep; and it die, or be hurt, or…” The line’s distinctive content terms include beast, deliver, driven. Its relationship to verses 9 and 11 shows what work it does in this passage.
- Exodus 22:11
“Then shall an oath of the LORD be between them both, that he hath not put his hand unto his neighbour’s goods; and the…” The command cannot be understood from the verb alone. Its recipient, purpose, and place in the larger covenant or argument define the responsibility.
- Exodus 22:12
“And if it be stolen from him, he shall make restitution unto the owner thereof.” The command cannot be understood from the verb alone. Its recipient, purpose, and place in the larger covenant or argument define the responsibility.
- Exodus 22:13
“If it be torn in pieces, then let him bring it for witness, and he shall not make good that which was torn.” The command cannot be understood from the verb alone. Its recipient, purpose, and place in the larger covenant or argument define the responsibility.
- Exodus 22:14
“And if a man borrow ought of his neighbour, and it be hurt, or die, the owner thereof being not with it, he shall…” The command cannot be understood from the verb alone. Its recipient, purpose, and place in the larger covenant or argument define the responsibility.
- Exodus 22:15
“But if the owner thereof be with it, he shall not make it good: if it be an hired thing, it came for his hire.” The command cannot be understood from the verb alone. Its recipient, purpose, and place in the larger covenant or argument define the responsibility.
- Exodus 22:16
“And if a man entice a maid that is not betrothed, and lie with her, he shall surely endow her to be his wife.” The command cannot be understood from the verb alone. Its recipient, purpose, and place in the larger covenant or argument define the responsibility.
Exodus 22:9-16
King James Version9For all manner of trespass, whether it be for ox, for ass, for sheep, for raiment, or for any manner of lost thing, which another challengeth to be his, the cause of both parties shall come before the judges; and whom the judges shall condemn, he shall pay double unto his neighbour.
10If a man deliver unto his neighbour an ass, or an ox, or a sheep, or any beast, to keep; and it die, or be hurt, or driven away, no man seeing it:
11Then shall an oath of the LORD be between them both, that he hath not put his hand unto his neighbour’s goods; and the owner of it shall accept thereof, and he shall not make it good.
12And if it be stolen from him, he shall make restitution unto the owner thereof.
13If it be torn in pieces, then let him bring it for witness, and he shall not make good that which was torn.
14And if a man borrow ought of his neighbour, and it be hurt, or die, the owner thereof being not with it, he shall surely make it good.
15But if the owner thereof be with it, he shall not make it good: if it be an hired thing, it came for his hire.
16And if a man entice a maid that is not betrothed, and lie with her, he shall surely endow her to be his wife.
Exodus 22:17-24
17–24: If her father utterly refuse to give her unto him, he shall pay money…
Exodus 22:17–24 opens with “If her father utterly refuse to give her unto him, he shall pay money according to the dowry of…” and reaches “And my wrath shall wax hot, and I will kill you with the sword; and your wives shall be widows…” by its final verse. That movement develops the focus on the wording and movement of this passage, with particular weight carried by afflict, fatherless, surely.
Deep dive
The movement opens with “If her father utterly refuse to give her unto him, he shall pay money according to the dowry…” By verse 20, the text has turned to “He that sacrificeth unto any god, save unto the LORD only, he shall be utterly destroyed.” It lands on “And my wrath shall wax hot, and I will kill you with the sword; and your wives shall be…” The distance between those lines matters as much as any isolated phrase. The passage has a voice and pulse of its own, including 1 verse naming the LORD or God. Those features reveal where the narrative slows down, speaks directly, or changes direction.
The covenant audience and the reason attached to each command show how worship, holiness, justice, mercy, and communal responsibility belong together. Words such as afflict, fatherless, surely, utterly, beast, child tie the complete block together. The central idea, “the wording and movement of this passage,” should remain answerable to the text. Some conclusions are explicit, some gather support across several verses, and others remain strong inferences or interpretations.
Names or load-bearing terms in this scene include Thou, Egypt, Whosoever. The nearest hinge to the center comes in verse 20: “He that sacrificeth unto any god, save unto the LORD only, he shall be utterly destroyed.” That detail helps separate the opening situation from what the passage changes next.
Words to trace: afflict, fatherless, surely, utterly, beast, child
Verse-by-verse path
- Exodus 22:17
“If her father utterly refuse to give her unto him, he shall pay money according to the dowry of virgins.” The command cannot be understood from the verb alone. Its recipient, purpose, and place in the larger covenant or argument define the responsibility.
- Exodus 22:18
“Thou shalt not suffer a witch to live.” Naming Thou keeps the account rooted in particular people or places. Follow where the name returns and what changes around it.
- Exodus 22:19
“Whosoever lieth with a beast shall surely be put to death.” The command cannot be understood from the verb alone. Its recipient, purpose, and place in the larger covenant or argument define the responsibility.
- Exodus 22:20
“He that sacrificeth unto any god, save unto the LORD only, he shall be utterly destroyed.” The command cannot be understood from the verb alone. Its recipient, purpose, and place in the larger covenant or argument define the responsibility.
- Exodus 22:21
“Thou shalt neither vex a stranger, nor oppress him: for ye were strangers in the land of Egypt.” Naming Egypt and Thou keeps the account rooted in particular people or places. Follow where the name returns and what changes around it.
- Exodus 22:22
“Ye shall not afflict any widow, or fatherless child.” The command cannot be understood from the verb alone. Its recipient, purpose, and place in the larger covenant or argument define the responsibility.
- Exodus 22:23
“If thou afflict them in any wise, and they cry at all unto me, I will surely hear their cry;” The line’s distinctive content terms include afflict, hear, surely. Its relationship to verses 22 and 24 shows what work it does in this passage.
- Exodus 22:24
“And my wrath shall wax hot, and I will kill you with the sword; and your wives shall be widows, and your children…” The command cannot be understood from the verb alone. Its recipient, purpose, and place in the larger covenant or argument define the responsibility.
Exodus 22:17-24
King James Version17If her father utterly refuse to give her unto him, he shall pay money according to the dowry of virgins.
18Thou shalt not suffer a witch to live.
19Whosoever lieth with a beast shall surely be put to death.
20He that sacrificeth unto any god, save unto the LORD only, he shall be utterly destroyed.
21Thou shalt neither vex a stranger, nor oppress him: for ye were strangers in the land of Egypt.
22Ye shall not afflict any widow, or fatherless child.
23If thou afflict them in any wise, and they cry at all unto me, I will surely hear their cry;
24And my wrath shall wax hot, and I will kill you with the sword; and your wives shall be widows, and your children fatherless.
Exodus 22:25-31
25–31: If thou lend money to any of my people that is poor by thee, thou shalt…
Exodus 22:25–31 opens with “If thou lend money to any of my people that is poor by thee, thou shalt not be to him as an…” and reaches “And ye shall be holy men unto me: neither shall ye eat any flesh that is torn of beasts in the…” by its final verse. That movement develops the focus on the wording and movement of this passage, with particular weight carried by people, raiment, beasts.
Deep dive
The movement opens with “If thou lend money to any of my people that is poor by thee, thou shalt not be to him as an…” By verse 28, the text has turned to “Thou shalt not revile the gods, nor curse the ruler of thy people.” It lands on “And ye shall be holy men unto me: neither shall ye eat any flesh that is torn of beasts in…” The distance between those lines matters as much as any isolated phrase. The passage has a voice and pulse of its own, including 1 question. Those features reveal where the narrative slows down, speaks directly, or changes direction.
The covenant audience and the reason attached to each command show how worship, holiness, justice, mercy, and communal responsibility belong together. Words such as people, raiment, beasts, covering, crieth, curse tie the complete block together. The central idea, “the wording and movement of this passage,” should remain answerable to the text. Some conclusions are explicit, some gather support across several verses, and others remain strong inferences or interpretations.
Names or load-bearing terms in this scene include Thou, Likewise. Its number language includes seven. The nearest hinge to the center comes in verse 27: “For that is his covering only, it is his raiment for his skin: wherein shall he sleep? and it shall come to pass, when he crieth…” That detail helps separate the opening situation from what the passage changes next.
Words to trace: people, raiment, beasts, covering, crieth, curse
Verse-by-verse path
- Exodus 22:25
“If thou lend money to any of my people that is poor by thee, thou shalt not be to him as an usurer, neither shalt thou…” The line’s distinctive content terms include lend, money, people. Its relationship to verses 26 shows what work it does in this passage.
- Exodus 22:26
“If thou at all take thy neighbour’s raiment to pledge, thou shalt deliver it unto him by that the sun goeth down:” The line’s distinctive content terms include deliver, goeth, neighbour’s. Its relationship to verses 25 and 27 shows what work it does in this passage.
- Exodus 22:27
“For that is his covering only, it is his raiment for his skin: wherein shall he sleep? and it shall come to pass, when…” The question slows the passage down. Notice who is being pressed to answer, what the question assumes, and whether the next lines provide a response.
- Exodus 22:28
“Thou shalt not revile the gods, nor curse the ruler of thy people.” Naming Thou keeps the account rooted in particular people or places. Follow where the name returns and what changes around it.
- Exodus 22:29
“Thou shalt not delay to offer the first of thy ripe fruits, and of thy liquors: the firstborn of thy sons shalt thou…” Naming Thou keeps the account rooted in particular people or places. Follow where the name returns and what changes around it.
- Exodus 22:30
“Likewise shalt thou do with thine oxen, and with thy sheep: seven days it shall be with his dam; on the eighth day…” The command cannot be understood from the verb alone. Its recipient, purpose, and place in the larger covenant or argument define the responsibility.
- Exodus 22:31
“And ye shall be holy men unto me: neither shall ye eat any flesh that is torn of beasts in the field; ye shall cast it…” The command cannot be understood from the verb alone. Its recipient, purpose, and place in the larger covenant or argument define the responsibility.
Exodus 22:25-31
King James Version25If thou lend money to any of my people that is poor by thee, thou shalt not be to him as an usurer, neither shalt thou lay upon him usury.
26If thou at all take thy neighbour’s raiment to pledge, thou shalt deliver it unto him by that the sun goeth down:
27For that is his covering only, it is his raiment for his skin: wherein shall he sleep? and it shall come to pass, when he crieth unto me, that I will hear; for I am gracious.
28Thou shalt not revile the gods, nor curse the ruler of thy people.
29Thou shalt not delay to offer the first of thy ripe fruits, and of thy liquors: the firstborn of thy sons shalt thou give unto me.
30Likewise shalt thou do with thine oxen, and with thy sheep: seven days it shall be with his dam; on the eighth day thou shalt give it me.
31And ye shall be holy men unto me: neither shall ye eat any flesh that is torn of beasts in the field; ye shall cast it to the dogs.
Questions to keep in mind while reading
- Identify the people addressed and the covenant setting.
- Distinguish rescue, worship, holiness, justice, and community responsibility.
- Read commands in their literary and covenant context before making a modern application.
Text first
Where readers differ
The chapter summary begins with what the passage says and how its parts fit together. It does not assume one denomination has already settled every question. Where a conclusion depends on a tradition, literary theory, or historical reconstruction, that dependence is named openly.
The KJV text is presented first. Interpretive conclusions are labeled, and differences are introduced only when they help a reader understand why serious communities do not always reach the same answer.
Comparative interpretive notes for this chapter are in preparation. Until reviewed notes are ready, this page separates the KJV text from summary and application without claiming that serious readers agree on every question.
Questions beneath the surface
- What account of God, human freedom, responsibility, and the good life emerges from Exodus 22?
- Which tension does the chapter refuse to resolve quickly?
- What changes when the chapter is read as part of the whole canon rather than as an isolated moral story?
- Where might a sincere reader confuse a familiar tradition with something the text states directly?
Questions for serious personal contemplation
These open-ended questions make room for tension, honest response, prayer, and conclusions that remain accountable to the chapter.
Observe without rushing
What part of Exodus 22 makes you stop, feel unsettled, or feel surprised, and why?
Which detail in the passage would be easiest to overlook? How does that detail change your understanding?
Where do you see tension between what happens and this focus: Exodus 22:1–31 completes a passage that was not covered by the original study-unit map. Its own wording and immediate context supply the focus.?
What important question does the passage leave open instead of resolving quickly?
Examine your inner life honestly
Which person, response, fear, or desire in the passage feels most like your own life right now?
What assumption about God, other people, or yourself does this text challenge?
Which part would you rather soften, avoid, or explain away too quickly? What might that reaction reveal?
If this Scripture could ask you one direct question, what do you think it would ask?
Respond with wisdom and courage
What do you need to remember, confess, grieve, thank God for, or trust after reading this passage?
How might another faithful person read this situation differently without ignoring the text?
What obedient response would be costly, uncomfortable, or slow, yet still faithful to Scripture?
What question will you carry into prayer this week, and which verses will you keep in front of you?
